Report of the Independent Democratic Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward Israel

For release in connection with the winter meeting of the Democratic National Committee convening on December 11, 2025 in Los Angeles

December 11, 2025

Report of the Independent Democratic Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward Israel

In the wake of the Democratic Party’s 2024 presidential defeat and mounting evidence that the party’s position on Gaza contributed to voter defections in key battleground states, a coalition of Democratic activists, elected officials, and party leaders formed the Independent Democratic Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward Israel in September 2025 to conduct a rigorous, independent assessment of how U.S. government policies, past and present, have affected the Palestinian people.

The Task Force brings together researchers, policy experts, lawyers, and organizers to evaluate U.S. policies toward Israel and their compliance with American and international law. The task force investigated how U.S. military aid has contributed to human rights violations, including ethnic cleansing, apartheid, and genocide, and analyzed the culpability of the U.S. government in enabling or excusing crimes against humanity. The task force’s comprehensive public report documents these findings and recommends policy reforms for Democratic Party leaders and the party as a whole. The report will inform members of the Democratic National Committee, which convenes for its December 11–13, 2025 meeting in Los Angeles.

The Democratic Party, Gaza, and the Ballot Box

What 2024 and 2025 Taught—and How to Realign Before 2026 and 2028

The 2024 presidential election produced a decisive Electoral College outcome. Donald Trump and JD Vance won with 312 votes to Kamala Harris and Tim Walz’s 226. Whatever else one says about that race, the result was shaped not only by economics and incumbency fatigue but by an unusually intense foreign‑policy issue: Gaza.

To understand why Gaza mattered, start with the electorate Democrats needed most. By late summer 2025, Quinnipiac University Poll reported that three in four Democratic voters opposed sending more U.S. military aid to Israel and 77 percent said Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. A YouGov survey for IMEU in October found similar numbers and for the first time documented a Democratic supermajority favoring sanctions of the kind used against apartheid South Africa. These attitudes comport with a year of campus protests, “uncommitted” votes in Democratic primaries, and organizing in faith and diaspora communities. Importantly, they did not exist only in activist spaces; they showed up in mainstream polling and were reflected across age and race within the Democratic base.

The gap between those views and the party’s 2024 positioning on Gaza came with electoral costs at the margins that likely decided electoral votes in key states. In Michigan, the Arab- and Muslim-American center of Dearborn swung hard: Trump carried the city for the first GOP win since 2000, and analysts tied that shift, and abstention by disaffected Democrats, to anger over Gaza and U.S. policy. An August 2024 IMEU/YouGov poll released just days before the Democratic National Convention showed that for every vote Harris might lose by supporting an arms embargo on Israel, she stood to gain five to eight votes in key swing states, data that was publicly available to party leadership but did not inform the campaign’s positioning. Post-election survey work by IMEU/YouGov in January 2025 confirmed that Gaza ranked among the top reasons why 2020 Biden voters did not support the Democratic ticket in 2024—second only to the economy nationally, and the top issue in Arizona (38%) and tied for top in Michigan and Wisconsin (32% each). Causation is always multifactorial in national elections, but this is exactly the kind of geographically concentrated movement that can tip close states—even when statewide partisan loyalties are otherwise entrenched.

This task force recommends that the Democratic Party adopt, at the national and state levels, a platform committed to an immediate, binding, and permanent ceasefire; unimpeded humanitarian access overseen by UN agencies; restoration of funding channels essential to relief—including UNRWA—paired with transparency and neutrality safeguards; and U.S. cooperation with international accountability mechanisms, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, as a matter of treaty obligations and customary law.

The United States is violating its obligations under the Genocide Convention. The ICJ’s January 26, 2024, order put the U.S. on notice that genocide in Gaza is plausible. Since then, the evidence has become overwhelming: Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the International Association of Genocide Scholars (86% vote), and the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry have all determined that Israel is committing genocide, finding four of five prohibited acts and concluding that genocidal intent is “the only reasonable inference” from the totality of evidence. Under Article I of the Genocide Convention and customary international law, the United States is obligated to prevent genocide and prohibited from aiding its commission. Every weapon transferred after January 26, 2024, has been transferred in violation of these obligations. The U.S. is not a bystander; it is complicit. The platform must demand immediate and complete suspension of all weapons transfers to Israel. This is not discretionary. It is what the law requires. Failure to act is not neutrality: it is participation in genocide.

The platform should state clearly that the United States will condition or suspend all weapons transfers to any military units credibly implicated in gross violations of human rights or in obstruction of humanitarian relief, in line with the Leahy laws and the Foreign Assistance Act, and that settlement expansion is illegal under UNSCR 2334 and must be opposed in U.S. diplomacy and export‑control reviews. By rooting these planks in domestic and international law, the party will align its values with enforceable standards rather than rhetorical aspirations.

Process reforms matter as much as stated positions. The DNC should create a small Independent Human Rights and International Law Advisory Panel (drawing on expertise in international humanitarian law, arms‑transfer controls, and humanitarian logistics) that publishes short, pre‑vote legal and humanitarian memos for caucuses, referencing the latest ICJ opinions, UN data, and U.S. statutory requirements. Congressional Democrats should commit to vote to pause the transfer of weapons absent public certification that recipients meet Leahy/FAA standards and permit aid that meets IPC/WFP/WHO thresholds.   None of this targets any demographic group for persuasion; it’s about institutional alignment with law and the values that the party espouses.

• Messaging should likewise be anchored in principle, not bland poll‑tested euphemism. Candidates and party leaders can say, in substance, that American foreign policy must protect civilians and follow domestic and international law; that means a ceasefire, release of hostages and detainees, and aid at the scale UN agencies deem necessary. They can add that U.S. statutes forbid assistance to security‑force units credibly implicated in gross human‑rights violations or in blocking aid, and that real security for Israelis and Palestinians alike comes from ending settlement expansion, bringing the occupation to a rapid and lawful end, and supporting freedom, justice and equality for both peoples. This language is not a litmus test on one conflict; it’s the same standard Democrats should demand anywhere U.S. weapons and diplomatic backing are at issue.

This realignment needs metrics and accountability. The party should track opinion alignment among self‑identified Democrats on ceasefire and conditioning weapons, using the Quinnipiac/YouGov items as baselines; measure restoration of 2020‑level margins in metros where 2024 saw defections or abstention (Dearborn and the broader Wayne County complex are instructive). Success here will not satisfy every faction, but it will reduce the credibility gap that damaged the party’s brand in 2024 and demonstrate that Democratic commitments to law, human dignity, and multiracial democracy are more than slogans. The point is not to litigate the last election forever; it is to ensure that, when famine is confirmed and the world’s highest court and leading rights bodies speak, the Democratic Party’s processes and policies move in tandem with both its voters and the law.

Across 2024–2025, polling shows a durable shift inside the Democratic electorate. An IMEU Policy Project/YouGov poll of likely Democratic primary voters reported 65 percent support for sanctions on the Israeli government, 72 percent agreeing that Israel is committing genocide, and 75 percent opposing the renewal of annual U.S. weapons funding. Post‑election IMEU analysis of Biden 2020 voters who did not vote for the 2024 Democratic ticket found “ending Israel’s violence in Gaza” ranked as the top issue for 29 percent nationally and a leading factor in decisive states. These figures help explain the magnitude of the “uncommitted” protest in Democratic primaries (over 100,000 votes in Michigan) and general‑election volatility in key communities.

The electoral evidence is now concrete. In 2024, the GOP carried Michigan while the Democratic ticket underperformed in Arab‑ and Muslim‑majority cities; AP and the Detroit Free Press documented Dearborn’s break with two decades of voting history, while Reuters and AP tracked the statewide “uncommitted” phenomenon earlier that year. In 2025, an IMEU poll contemporaneous with the New York mayoral race found that Zohran Mamdani’s support for Palestinian rights, once seen as risky, energized coalition voters rather than alienating them—mirroring Quinnipiac’s finding that most voters, and an overwhelming majority of Democrats, oppose continuing to send arms to Israel and believe Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. The lesson is not that Gaza “decides” elections; it is that unresolved dissonance between party policy, law, and base opinion creates avoidable attrition, while clarity on legal compliance and humanitarian relief reduces friction and lets candidates foreground the kitchen‑table agenda.

Against that backdrop, the party can coherently ground a Gaza plank in enforceable U.S. law and international obligations without sacrificing security or values. Platform language favored by the Independent Democratic Task Force, affirming equal rights for Palestinians and Israelis, an immediate, binding and permanent ceasefire, an end to settlement expansion and military occupation that the UN Security Council has repeatedly deemed illegal, restoration of humanitarian access including full UNRWA funding, and recognition of Palestinian statehood, is consistent with the ICJ’s 2024 advisory opinion and long‑standing U.S. statutory constraints on foreign military assistance. Reconnecting the platform to these anchors is both morally and electorally defensible: it speaks to rule‑of‑law voters across the coalition and deprioritizes personality fights in favor of compliance, accountability, and effective aid.

Concretely, for 2026 and 2028, Democrats should present a single, narrative policy throughline rather than a grab‑bag of slogans. That narrative begins by acknowledging the famine declaration, the ICJ’s findings on occupation, and the UN commission’s genocide conclusion, even as we note that Israel disputes them, and then states that Democratic administrations will follow the law: pause or end transfers of offensive munitions where Leahy or 502B standards are triggered; restore and expand life‑saving humanitarian channels (including UNRWA) consistent with congressional restrictions; and condition any future security cooperation on measurable adherence to international humanitarian law and a pathway that preserves the feasibility of Palestinian self‑determination. It should also lay out how the United States will support credible multilateral legal processes (ICJ/ICC) and back a durable ceasefire that includes release of any hostages (and physical remains), and return of detainees (especially minors). Framed as law‑first, humanitarian‑forward, and security‑seeking, this stance meets voters where they already are.

Process matters as much as planks. The party should specify that all arms‑transfer decisions will be accompanied by public Leahy and 502B compliance reporting, that an interagency “civilian harm” review will be required before any replenishment of offensive stocks in active conflict theaters, and that the DNC will not defer internal votes on Gaza‑related resolutions once submitted and properly noticed. The experience of 2024 suggests that postponement is perceived as indifference; the experience of 2025 suggests that a timely, transparent process has the potential to restore credibility and allows candidates to pivot to affordability, housing, childcare, public safety and labor. The DNC can also make explicit its defense of civil liberties at home—anti‑doxxing norms, clear condemnation of antisemitism, Islamophobia and anti‑Arab bigotry, and protection of peaceful advocacy, including on college campuses. None of these steps targets any demographic group; they protect and uphold fundamental democratic standards that benefit the entire electorate.

Implementation should be immediate and measurable. Between now and filing deadlines for 2026 state races, the DNC can circulate a model “United for Humanity” plank keyed to statutory citations (Leahy, 502B) and to the ICJ advisory opinion, along with a brief messaging memo that translates the policy into plain‑English promises: follow the law, save lives, and secure a political horizon that prevents endless war. State parties can adopt the plank in winter and spring conventions; federal and statewide candidates can publish a standard arms‑transfer transparency pledge; and party committees can establish a small, independent legal‑policy desk to vet claims about humanitarian access and compliance before they become campaign liabilities. Success can be tracked with a few simple metrics that don’t rely on micro‑targeting: lower protest‑blank rates among base voters in primary and special elections; small‑dollar donor growth in campus and metropolitan ZIP codes where 2024 attrition was evident; and qualitative press coding that shows fewer “Democrats divided over Gaza” headlines crowding out economic messaging. Over time, these process improvements help candidates of every ideological stripe keep focus on affordability and competence while credibly answering the Gaza question when it arises.

The Democratic Party should affirm shared values of equal dignity and rights for Palestinians and Israelis, a future free of occupation and terror, and a U.S. role that is lawful, humane, and effective. That is not only the right policy; the last two election cycles suggest it is also the best politics for a party that can win when its base believes it listens and leads.

References: 

Caooekkettu, Joey, Mike Householder, and Humera Lodhi. “How Trump Broke GOP Losing Streak in Dearborn with Support of Arab-Americans.” Associated Press. Accessed December 6, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/trump-harris-arab-americans-michigan-dearborn-aea96b9161a77de1fa47d668e23edb98.

Congressional Research Service. “UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA): Background and U.S. Funding Trends.” Legislation. Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12863.

“Global Human Rights: Security Forces Vetting (‘Leahy Laws’).” Legislation. Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10575.

IMEU Policy Project. “IMEU Policy Project Post-Election Polling Shows Gaza Cost Harris Votes.” Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.imeupolicyproject.org/postelection-polling.

IMEU Policy Project. “Supermajority of Democrats Support Same Sanctions Against Israel That Brought Down Apartheid in South Africa.” Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.imeupolicyproject.org/polls/democrats-sanctions-israel.

International Court of Justice. “Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024.” Accessed December 6, 2025. https://icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204160.

Joint Press Release by FAO, UNICEF, WHO, and WFP. n.d. “Famine Confirmed for First Time in Gaza -.” Question of Palestine. Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/joint-press-release-by-fao-unicef-who-and-wfp-22aug25/.

“Leahy Law Fact Sheet.” United States Department of State. Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.state.gov/bureau-of-democracy-human-rights-and-labor/releases/2025/01/leahy-law-fact-sheet/.

LII / Legal Information Institute. “22 U.S. Code § 2378d – Limitation on Assistance to Security Forces.” Accessed December 6, 2025. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2378d.

Quinnipiac Poll. 2025. “Majority Of Voters Oppose Deploying National Guard To D.C., Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Support Drops For U.S. Military Aid To Israel As 50% Think Israel Is Committing Genocide In Gaza.” August 27. https://poll.qu.edu/poll-release?releaseid=3929.

Schneider, Elena. 2025. “POLITICO Pro: DNC Punts on Dueling Israel Resolutions as Chair Ken Martin Calls for Bridging the Divide.” August 26. https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/2025/08/dnc-israel-palestine-arms-embargo-resolution-pro-00525446.

United Nations. “Israel’s Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms.” Accessed December 6, 2025. https://press.un.org/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm.

Members of the Independent Democratic Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward Israel:

Aftab Siddiqui is Co-Chair of the American Muslim Democratic Caucus. He has been involved in Muslim American political organizing for over two decades, focusing on advancing Palestinian rights, democracy, and progressive values within the Democratic Party.

Hatem Natsheh is a Palestinian-American who has been involved in political advocacy in Texas for over a decade. the Texas Arab American Democrats, was a delegate to the 2016 and 2020 conventions and appointed member to the Rules Committee by Senator Bernie Sanders.  He was a former chair for Our Revolution Texas.

Huwaida Arraf is a Palestinian-American human rights attorney and co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement, a nonviolent resistance movement that has been twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. She was a primary organizer of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla and served as a delegate to the 2020 and 2024 Democratic National Conventions. She is a sitting member of the Michigan Democratic Party State Central Committee.

Jeff Cohen is co-founder of RootsAction and founding director of FAIR, the national media watch group. He is a journalist, media critic, and former associate professor of journalism, who served as Communications Director for the Kucinich for President campaign in 2003. He was a delegate to the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

Liano Sharon is a progressive activist with over 40 years of experience in human rights, environmental, and anti-war organizing. He has served four years on the Democratic National Committee and eight years on the Michigan Democratic Party State Central Committee, and was one of only three National Committee delegates to advocate for universal human rights and an end to genocide at the 2024 Democratic National Convention.

Marcy Winograd is a retired teacher, co-producer of CODEPINK Radio, and legislative advocate for Jewish Voice for Peace-Action who chairs the California Teachers Association caucus Jewish & Allied Educators 4 Palestine. She served as a California DNC delegate for Bernie Sanders in 2020 and mobilized 41 percent of the vote in her 2010 congressional primary peace challenge.

Mirvette Judeh serves as the Chair of the Arab American Caucus, and Co-chair of California Democrats for Justice in Palestine, a new charter. Mirvette brings over two decades of community leadership experience to the Task Force. A Palestinian-American and longtime California Democratic leader, she is committed to advancing peace, human rights, and dignity for all through dialogue rooted in empathy, inclusion, and accountability.

M. Emad Salem is former President and current board member of the Muslim Democratic Caucus. He serves as a voter registrar, Precinct Chair, and Elections Judge, and was a member of the Texas State Democratic Executive Committee. He is also Co-Founder and Vice Chair of the Texas Progressive Caucus. He was a DNC delegate in 2016,2020 and 2024.

Nadia Ahmad is a Board Member of the Democratic Progressive Caucus of Florida and Progressive Democrats of America, Florida Chapter. She previously served as a DNC Member and Co-Chair of the DNC Interfaith Council.

Norman Solomon is co-founder of RootsAction, a progressive online advocacy organization. He is a political analyst and writer focused on economic inequality, corporate power, and democratic accountability. He served for 10 years on the California Democratic Party’s State Central Committee, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 2008, 2020, and 2024.

Samia Assed is a human rights activist and Chair of the New Mexico Women’s March. She serves as a member of the Democratic Party of New Mexico State Central Committee and is recognized as a powerful leader and organizer in her community and state.

Sunjay Muralitharan serves as National President of College Democrats of America. He was the youngest superdelegate in California at the 2024 DNC Convention and has been featured in outlets including the New York Times. Under his leadership, CDA expanded into seven new states and secured increased DNC support.

Tasneem Al-Michael is a community-justice advocate, activist, and organizer from Oklahoma City who previously served as National Vice President of College Democrats of America. He works to break barriers in underrepresented communities by recognizing their collective power and uplifting their stories to become changemakers.

Zayed Kadir serves as National Chair of High School Democrats of America. He represents American youth as a member the Democratic National Committee. Zayed is the youngest person to ever be appointed to the DNC’s Executive Committee. Under his leadership, HSDA established 11 national identity caucuses, expanded to all 50 states and doubled it’s local chapters.

APPENDIX

Prepared by Mirvette Judeh, Yoana Tchoukleva, Dave Mandel for the California Democratic Party

Platform Amendment — “United for Humanity Proposal”

Updated on Oct 21, 2025

Original Submitted on Sept 19, 2025 – Reference No. 15784091

The California Democratic Party:

• Affirms the dignity, humanity, and right to self-determination of both Palestinians and Israelis;
• Reaffirms that peace and security can only be achieved through a just resolution that guarantees equality, freedom and human rights for all people living in the region;
• Recognizes that the United Nations, the International Association of Genocide Scholars, and all leading human rights agencies and international law experts, including Israeli, have declared that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza; this genocide includes mass killings, deliberate starvation, forced displacement, the destruction of civilian infrastructure and other policies intended to destroy the Palestinian people in whole or in part;
• Acknowledges that under the Genocide Convention and customary international law, the United States is required to prevent and punish genocide wherever it occurs, not only within its territory but extraterritorially as well;
• Acknowledges that under U.S. law, including the Foreign Assistance Act and the Leahy Law, the United States is prohibited from providing military assistance to countries and units that violate human rights or impede the entry of U.S. humanitarian aid;
• Stands firmly against genocide anywhere in the world and affirms its responsibility to take action to end U.S. support — military, economic and political — for genocide or acts of genocide;
• Supports ending U.S. foreign military assistance to the Israeli government and conditioning future military assistance on Israel’s compliance with international law;
• Affirms the need for an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza, full withdrawal of Israeli forces, the release of illegally detained Palestinians, especially minors, and a massive supply of urgent humanitarian aid into Gaza, including sufficient food, water, medicine, fuel, and all resources necessary for the survival, healing and recovery of the Palestinian people;
• Urges the full restoration of funding to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and other humanitarian aid agencies critical for the survival of Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem;
• Demands an end to the occupation of Palestinian land consistent with international law;
• Supports the removal of Israeli settlements from the West Bank and East Jerusalem, along with the withdrawal of Israeli settlers;
• Supports the right of return and reparations for Palestinian refugees in accordance with international law and UN resolutions;
• Stands for the right of Palestinians to live in freedom, dignity, and equality, free from military occupation, apartheid, collective punishment, home demolitions, settlement expansion and forced displacement;
• Supports U.S. recognition of Palestine as a full member state of the United Nations;
• Promotes the protection of civil liberties and the right to advocate for Palestinian rights in the United States without fear of censorship, repression, detention, retaliation or deportation;
• Demands accountability for all U.S. and foreign actors involved in violations of U.S. and international law;
• Supports ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and greater U.S. cooperation with the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, and other leading international agencies;
• Stands for a future based on justice, equality, accountability, and peace — where Palestinians and Israelis alike can live with full rights, safety, and freedom.

References:

New IMEU polling on Dem voters shows a supermajority support the same sanctions against Israel that brought down apartheid in South Africa: 65% support sanctions on the Israeli government, 72% say Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, and 75% oppose renewing annual U.S. weapons funding to Israel – https://www.imeupolicyproject.org/polls/democrats-sanctions-israel?

Quinnipac polling on Democratic voters – 75% oppose sending military aid to Israel; 77% think Israel is committing genocide https://poll.qu.edu/poll-release?releaseid=3929

LA Times OpEd on how Dems will pay for ignoring Gaza –  https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2025-08-25/democrats-israel-gaza-donors

Polling on 2024 election – https://www.imeupolicyproject.org/postelection-polling

NY Times on how the Dem Party is Hemorrhaging Voters
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/20/us/politics/democratic-party-voter-registration-crisis.html

Reuters – How did a UN inquiry find genocide has been committed in Gaza?
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-did-un-inquiry-find-genocide-has-been-committed-gaza-2025-09-18

TIME – Israel’s Policies and Actions in Gaza ‘Meet Legal Definition of Genocide,’ Says Association of Scholars
https://time.com/7313709/israel-policies-actions-gaza-genocide-scholars-association-resolution

UN Office on Genocide Prevention – Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml

U.S. extraterritorial duty to prevent and punish genocide under treaty and law:
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/LSB10747

UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016) – settlements illegal under international law
https://undocs.org/S/RES/2334(2016)

ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israel’s Occupation of the Palestinian Territories (July 19, 2024): https://www.icj-cij.org/case/131

Genocide Legal Experts Chime in – https://theconversation.com/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-we-asked-5-legal-and-genocide-experts-how-to-interpret-the-violence-262688

B’Tselem and Physicians for Human Rights Israel: Israel is committing genocide
https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/b-tselem-and-physicians-for-human-rights-israel-israel-is-committing

World Food Program reporting mass starvation
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/27/world/middleeast/gaza-hunger-doctors-nurses.html

Save the Children on how children are starved in plain sight
https://www.savethechildren.org/us/about-us/media-and-news/2025-press-releases/children-starved-plain-sight-famine-confirmed-gaza

Netanyahu “there will never be a Palestinian state”
https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-will-be-no-palestinian-state-pm-signs-plan-cementing-e1-settlement-expansion/

Foreign Assistance Act on prohibitions on U.S. military funding
https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961.pdf
and https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2378-1&num=0&edition=prelim

The Leahy Law – https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PP410_INVEST_v2.1.pdf

Precedent for withholding US military assistance (Egypt and Saudi Arabia)
https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133/text
and https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/27/politics/us-pauses-saudi-uae-arms-sales/index.html

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